{"id":8332,"date":"2024-02-06T05:51:56","date_gmt":"2024-02-05T22:51:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/?p=8332"},"modified":"2024-02-06T05:52:02","modified_gmt":"2024-02-05T22:52:02","slug":"tu-do-ngon-luan-kham-pha-y-nghia-va-quan-trong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/tu-do-ngon-luan-kham-pha-y-nghia-va-quan-trong\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ef1 Do Ng\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn: Kh\u00e1m Ph\u00e1 \u00dd Ngh\u0129a V\u00e0 Quan Tr\u1ecdng"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00f3i ra nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/em> Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5. V\u1eady t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ra sao? Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c? H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.[^1^]<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 Do Ng\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn L\u00e0 G\u00ec? Quy\u1ec1n T\u1ef1 Do Ng\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn L\u00e0 G\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

T\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 2013: “C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i, bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y do ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.”[^2^] Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

\"T\u1ef1<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n G\u1ed1c Quy\u1ec1n T\u1ef1 Do Ng\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Athen c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua trong Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1789, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn trong lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c.[^3^]<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n T\u1ef1 Do Ng\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn V\u1edbi C\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n Kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\n

Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf khi xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a \u00e1n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0, danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.[^4^]<\/p>\n

\"Quy\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

H\u1ea1n Ch\u1ebf T\u1ef1 Do Ng\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn L\u00e0 G\u00ec<\/h2>\n

Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng, vu kh\u1ed1ng, khi\u00eau kh\u00edch, t\u1ee5c t\u0129u, ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n g\u00e2y th\u00f9 h\u1eb1n v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn trong quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp. G\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n sai, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.[^5^]<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t S\u1ed1 C\u00e2u H\u1ecfi V\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 Do Ng\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

5.1 T\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n

T\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 in v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh b\u00e1o in, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.[^6^]<\/p>\n

5.2 Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed theo Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 2013?<\/h3>\n

Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 2013: “C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i, bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y do ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.” Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.[^7^]<\/p>\n

Hi v\u1ecdng qua b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn. T\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00f3i ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd: B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00f3i ra nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5. V\u1eady t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8378,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8332","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ky-nang"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8332","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8332"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8332\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8379,"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8332\/revisions\/8379"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8332"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8332"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mhgvietnam.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8332"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}